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What is insulin resistance, and does weight loss reverse it?

Why many Indians have it at a normal weight. What the HOMA-IR test can't tell you, and what weight loss, exercise and GLP‑1 medicines did in trials.

GLP Guidebook teamPublished 5 Oct 202612 min read39 sourcesWritten from published sources

Written for India. Reading from the US? US versionComing soon

The short answer

Insulin resistance means your muscle, fat and liver cells respond weakly to insulin. So the pancreas makes extra to keep blood sugar normal. Many Indians have more of it at the same weight. Losing weight and exercising improved it in trials, including India's own. No single test cut-off is agreed.

Key takeaways

  • Weight loss improved insulin resistance in the US Diabetes Prevention Program, where the lifestyle group, aiming to lose 7% of weight, gained the most insulin sensitivity.22,24
  • In a 2001 study, 12 healthy Asian Indians cleared sugar at 4.7 mg/kg per minute, against 7.5 in white people of the same BMI.3
  • The HOMA-IR test has no agreed cut-off, and the Indian studies and lab pages we read used lines from 1.8 to 4.1.16,17,18,19,20
  • India's IDPP trial cut 3-year diabetes from 55.0% to 39.3% with lifestyle advice, in people whose sugar was too high after a glucose drink test.21
  • On Wegovy 2.4 mg, HOMA-IR in people with prediabetes fell about 28% more than on a dummy injection, while 44% vs 16% felt sick (nausea).26,27
Before you go further
  • We found no GLP‑1 medicine approved for insulin resistance on its own, in India or on the US labels we read.26,29,35,36
  • GLP‑1 medicines are prescription-only in India. A government statement on 1 Apr 2026 said only endocrinologists, internal-medicine specialists and cardiologists can prescribe them.37 CDSCO expert-committee minutes attach a similar condition to some approvals (endocrinologist or internal-medicine specialist), but we found no rule covering every brand.38
  • Trial results are averages, not a promise. The harms are in the risks box and Guide 5, Side effects and risks.
  • Fake and recalled pens exist; see how to spot fake GLP‑1 pens.
On this page
  1. What is insulin resistance, in plain words?
  2. Why are Indians more prone to it?
  3. What is the insulin resistance test, and how is it measured?
  4. What does the test cost in India?
  5. Does losing weight reverse insulin resistance?
  6. Does exercise help even without weight loss?
  7. What do GLP‑1 medicines do to insulin resistance?
  8. Is any GLP‑1 medicine approved for insulin resistance?
  9. Questions people ask
  10. How we researched this
  11. Sources

What is insulin resistance, in plain words?

Your muscle, fat and liver cells stop responding well to insulin, the hormone that moves sugar out of the blood. The pancreas then makes extra insulin to keep blood sugar normal.1,2

Think of insulin as a key that lets sugar (glucose) into cells. In insulin resistance, the lock is stiff.1

The pancreas pushes out more insulin to make up for it. Doctors call high insulin in the blood hyperinsulinaemia.2 While the pancreas keeps up, blood sugar stays in a healthy range.2 Over time it may not keep up, and sugar starts to rise.1

Most people feel nothing. NIDDK, the US government's diabetes institute, says people with insulin resistance and prediabetes "usually have no symptoms".1 Some get skin tags, or darker, velvety skin in the armpits or on the neck (acanthosis nigricans).2

In Hindi: insulin resistance is written इंसुलिन प्रतिरोध (insulin pratirodh).39

Why are Indians more prone to it?

At the same BMI, many Indians carry more body fat, more belly fat and less muscle. That build goes with more insulin resistance, and it can start before birth.3,7,9

The clamp study. In 2001, Boston researchers compared 12 healthy Asian Indians with 12 white people of the same age and BMI.3 On the most exact test, the Indians cleared sugar at 4.7 mg/kg per minute, against 7.5.3 That is about a third less. They also had more fasting insulin, more belly fat and more fat around the organs (visceral fat).3

"Thin-fat". In a 2004 Lancet picture called the "Y-Y paradox", two researchers had the same BMI.4 Yet the Indian author, Dr Yajnik, had more than twice the body-fat percentage of the UK author, Dr Yudkin.5 India's Endocrine Society (ESI) calls this the thin-fat phenotype. It cites studies that found it in about 15% of adults studied in Chennai and 16% in Mumbai.8 Indian studies have also found lower muscle mass.5

It starts early. In Pune, babies weighed less than London babies (median 2,805 g vs 3,475 g) but kept their fat.6 Their cord-blood insulin was higher once birth weight was taken into account.6 Yajnik wrote that this thin-fat build "is present at birth". He added that urban diets and sitting a lot push insulin resistance further, and "may be amenable to correction".7

Lower cut-offs for Indians. Indian experts set overweight at a BMI of 23 to 24.9 and obesity at 25 or more. A large waist is 90 cm (35.4 inches) for men and 80 cm (31.5 inches) for women.9,10 Diabetes and heart disease show up at lower BMI and waist sizes in South Asians.9 India's ICMR-INDIAB survey found prediabetes in 15.3% of 107,119 adults tested.11 Our Guide 1, Weight and health in Indians, explains the cut-offs.

Free toolCheck your BMI and waist on Indian cut-offs

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What is the insulin resistance test, and how is it measured?

The most exact test, the clamp, is a research tool. Labs instead offer fasting insulin and HOMA-IR, a score worked out from fasting insulin and fasting sugar. Nobody has agreed the cut-off.12,15,19

The clamp. Insulin goes into a vein while blood sugar is checked again and again, for 2 hours in one study.3,19 It is the gold standard, but "impractical as it is labor- and time-intensive".12 NIDDK says doctors may not test for it at all. The test is "primarily used only for research studies".1 What doctors usually check instead is fasting sugar, HbA1c and cholesterol.2

HOMA-IR. HOMA stands for homeostasis model assessment, published in 1985.13 The simple formula is fasting glucose (mg/dL) times fasting insulin (µU/mL), divided by 405.15

Worked example. Fasting glucose 95 mg/dL and fasting insulin 12 µU/mL:95 × 12 ÷ 405 = 2.812.81 is a HOMA1 number, so compare it only with the HOMA1 lines in the table below. It is above the 2.5 line, but below 2.86 and 4.1.15,18,19,20

Why one number is shaky. In HOMA's first paper, estimates varied by about 31% (coefficient of variation), which the authors said "limits its use".13 In 2004 they wrote that HOMA suits studies of groups (cohort and population studies).14 Insulin is released in pulses. A Dr Lal PathLabs sample report suggests averaging three samples, taken 5 minutes apart, for an accurate HOMA.16

Two versions give different numbers. We call the 1985 formula HOMA1 here. Some labs use a newer computer calculator (HOMA2).14,16 In one South Indian study, the best line was 2.86 on HOMA1 but 1.69 on HOMA2, in the same people.19 So check which version your report used.

Where the line comes fromCounts as insulin resistantHOMA versionNote
Agilus test page, Delhi1.8HOMA2"Homa 2 index = 1.8 is considered as insulin resistance"17
Metropolis test page, DelhiAbove 1.8Not statedNormal "<1.8"17
Dr Lal PathLabs sample report2.50 or more (normal "<2.50")HOMA2 (calculator version 2.2)Fasting insulin normal range 2 to 25 µU/mL16
691 urban Indian teenagers (2013)2.5HOMA1 (1985 formula)Best match for metabolic syndrome18
150 South Indian adults (2020)2.86 or moreHOMA1 (1985 formula)1.69 on HOMA2 in the same people; authors say other studies differ19
India's IDPP trial analysis (2009)4.1 or more (normal below 4.1)HOMA1 (1985 paper)Used to group trial participants20

Lines used by each source to call a HOMA-IR result "insulin resistant", with the HOMA version each one states. Lab lines from test pages and a sample report read on 5 Oct 2026. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of a large waist, high blood pressure, high sugar and abnormal blood fats.

We found no Indian guideline that asks for routine HOMA-IR testing. The ESI 2025 update does not name it.8

What does the test cost in India?

At four Delhi lab chains, the listed price of a HOMA-IR test was ₹910 to ₹1,968 on 5 Oct 2026. These are the prices shown on each page, without home-collection fees.17

  • Dr Lal PathLabs, HOMA-IR (insulin resistance index)₹910Also a fasting insulin test alone: ₹790. Overnight fast needed.
  • Metropolis Healthcare, HOMA Index₹1,300
  • Agilus Diagnostics, HOMA-2 (New Delhi)₹1,300₹1,200 in Chennai, Gurugram and Hyderabad on the same page.
  • Orange Health, HOMA-IR₹1,968Listed price. The page showed a sale price of ₹1,360 ("31% off").

Lab test pages read on 5 Oct 2026, Delhi. Prices change by city and over time. We list them in no order of preference.

Other chains can cost less. Tata 1mg listed it at ₹909 in New Delhi. Some sites show sale prices well below their listed price.17

Does losing weight reverse insulin resistance?

It improves it. In two big trials, one Indian, that went with fewer people getting diabetes. The trials lasted about 3 years, so they show improvement, not a lifelong cure.20,21,22,24

The US trial (DPP). It enrolled 3,234 people with raised blood sugar. The lifestyle group aimed to lose 7% of their weight and exercise 150 minutes a week.22 Diabetes struck 4.8 per 100 people a year in that group, against 11.0 on dummy pills, a 58% cut.22 For every kilogram lost, risk fell 16%.23 The lifestyle group had the biggest gain in insulin sensitivity after a year.24

The Indian trial (IDPP). 531 Indians with impaired glucose tolerance (sugar too high two hours after a glucose drink) joined.21 The researchers described them as "younger, leaner and more insulin resistant" than people in earlier trials.21 Over 3 years, 39.3% got diabetes with lifestyle advice, against 55.0% with usual care.21 Metformin did about as well as lifestyle (40.5%), and both together added nothing (39.5%).21

A later look at the IDPP data credited "improved insulin action and sensitivity". People whose sensitivity improved were more likely to return to normal sugar.20

For a 70 kg person, the DPP's 7% goal is about 5 kg. NIDDK puts the helpful range at 5% to 7% of starting weight.1,22 Cleveland Clinic cautions that "not all causes are reversible".2

Does exercise help even without weight loss?

Yes. Muscles take up more sugar for up to 48 hours after long exercise. In the DPP, people who hit the activity goal but not the weight goal still had 44% less diabetes.23,25

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) says an hour of easy aerobic exercise helps insulin work for at least 24 hours. That was in adults with obesity and insulin resistance.25 Regular aerobic training raises insulin sensitivity in people with prediabetes, in proportion to how much they do.25

Strength training counts too. In type 2 diabetes, the ADA lists better insulin resistance among its benefits, along with more strength and lean mass.25 Our post on exercise on a GLP‑1 medicine covers strength work with Indian examples.

What do GLP-1 medicines do to insulin resistance?

In trials, Wegovy (semaglutide 2.4 mg) and tirzepatide improved measures of insulin resistance. Much of that came from the weight lost, and in one Wegovy trial the gains faded when the medicine stopped.28,30

The medicines act on insulin directly too. The US Wegovy label says semaglutide raises insulin and lowers glucagon "in a glucose-dependent manner". That means mainly when sugar is high.26 Glucagon is the hormone that tells the liver to release sugar. Our Guide 2, What GLP‑1 medicines do, explains the rest.

Semaglutide (STEP trials, Wegovy 2.4 mg). These trials ran 68 weeks in people without diabetes. Among those with prediabetes in STEP 1, 84.1% had normal sugar at the end, against 47.8% on a dummy injection.27 HOMA-IR fell about 28% more than on the dummy.27 Among people who lost the same weight, changes in fasting insulin and HOMA-IR were similar on both arms. So the gain was mostly from weight loss.28 In STEP 4, the improvements in fasting insulin "deteriorated" after people switched to a dummy injection.28

Tirzepatide (SURMOUNT-1, 5 to 15 mg). In the US, tirzepatide for weight is sold as Zepbound. In India the brands are Mounjaro and Yurpeak.29,36 In this 72-week trial, insulin sensitivity improved "mostly with weight reduction and partly with tirzepatide treatment".30 The trial also followed 1,032 people with obesity and prediabetes for about 3 years. Type 2 diabetes struck 1.3%, against 13.3% on a dummy injection.31 After 17 weeks off the medicine, the figures were 2.4% vs 13.7%.31

In type 2 diabetes. A small 28-week clamp trial compared Mounjaro 15 mg and Ozempic 1 mg in 117 people. Insulin sensitivity improved more on Mounjaro.32 Every trial in this section was run or paid for by the makers, Novo Nordisk or Eli Lilly.27,30,31,32

RisksThe risks, in brief
  • Stomach effects are the most common. In the Wegovy label's weight trials, 44% on Wegovy 2.4 mg felt sick (nausea), vs 16% on a dummy. In the Zepbound trials, it was 25% to 29% vs 8%.26,29 The EU Wegovy label calls nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and constipation very common (more than 1 in 10).33 Side effects made 6.8% stop Wegovy 2.4 mg, vs 3.2% on a dummy; for Zepbound, 4.8% to 6.7% vs 3.4%.26,29
  • Dehydration can hurt the kidneys. The US Wegovy label reports kidney injury, sometimes needing dialysis, mostly in people dehydrated by nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea.26
  • Pancreatitis. Uncommon (1 in 100 to 1 in 1,000) on the EU Wegovy and Mounjaro labels. The sign is severe stomach pain that lasts and may spread to the back.33,34
  • Gallstones. Common (1 in 10 to 1 in 100) on the EU Wegovy label. Uncommon (1 in 100 to 1 in 1,000) on the EU Mounjaro label.33,34
  • Thyroid warning. Both US labels carry a boxed warning about thyroid C-cell tumours seen in rodents. It is unknown whether this happens in people.26,29
  • Pregnancy. The US Wegovy label says to stop at least 2 months before a planned pregnancy. On the pill? The Zepbound label advises adding a barrier method, such as condoms, for 4 weeks after starting and each dose rise.26,29
Full detail in Guide 5: Side effects and risks →
Get help now: call 112. Call for severe, lasting stomach pain that may spread to the back, a possible sign of pancreatitis. The EU Wegovy label says to see a doctor immediately.33 Our page When to call 112 on a GLP‑1 medicine lists the other signs.

Is any GLP-1 medicine approved for insulin resistance?

Not on its own, as far as we found. In India and on the US labels we read, approvals cover type 2 diabetes, weight and a few named conditions.26,29,35,36

In India, Wegovy was first cleared for chronic weight management and type 2 diabetes. In July 2026 it was also approved for MASH, a fatty liver disease with scarring.35 Tirzepatide (as Yurpeak) is indicated for type 2 diabetes, and for weight at BMI 30 (27 with a related condition).36

India's ESI 2025 update says a doctor may consider weight medicines at a BMI above 27. Above 25, a related condition such as high blood pressure is also needed.8 A guideline describes; a doctor decides. See Guide 4, Should I consider a GLP‑1? and Can you take Ozempic without diabetes?

For which injections are approved for weight, see Which weight-loss injections are approved in India?

Questions people ask

Can you have insulin resistance at a normal weight?

Yes. In a 2001 study, healthy Asian Indians had more insulin resistance than white people of the same BMI. India's Endocrine Society cites studies of this "thin-fat" build. They found it in about 15% of adults studied in Chennai and 16% in Mumbai.3,8

What is a normal HOMA-IR?

There is no agreed number. The Indian studies and lab pages we read used lines from 1.8 to 4.1. Two versions of the score (HOMA1 and HOMA2) also give different numbers for the same blood.17,19,20

Can insulin resistance be reversed?

It can improve. In India's IDPP trial, better insulin sensitivity helped people return to normal sugar. Cleveland Clinic notes that not all causes are reversible.2,20

What is insulin resistance called in Hindi?

It is written इंसुलिन प्रतिरोध (insulin pratirodh). It means cells respond weakly to insulin, so the body makes more of it.1,39

How we researched this

On 5 October 2026 we read the studies behind each number. These include Indian studies, the IDPP and DPP trials and HOMA's original papers. We also read the STEP and SURMOUNT-1 analyses, US and EU labels and India's ESI 2025 update. We read test pages for five lab chains and one lab's sample report. We recorded the listed price; where a page showed a sale price, we say so.

The top results for "insulin resistance test" in India were lab and hospital pages. Each gave its own normal range. We show every line we found side by side, because they disagree.

Before you move on

  • Insulin resistance usually has no symptoms.
  • Many Indians have more of it at a normal BMI, so waist size matters.
  • A HOMA-IR result depends on the lab's version and cut-off.
  • Weight loss and exercise improved it in Indian and US trials; in one Wegovy trial, gains faded on stopping.
BMI and waist checkPath: type 2 diabetesYour options

More from the India blog

INIndiaExercise on a GLP‑1: keeping muscle while you lose weight INIndiaHow much weight do people lose on Ozempic or Mounjaro? What the trials found INIndiaWhat is a GLP‑1? The hormone, the medicines and the jargon
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An independent guide to GLP‑1 medicines. We don't sell medicines, take drug-company money or earn clinic commissions. Once a month: new brands, price changes, approvals and recalls. How we write

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Sources

  1. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK, US). Insulin Resistance & Prediabetes. Last reviewed March 2025; checked 5 October 2026. Link
  2. Cleveland Clinic. Insulin Resistance: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment. Last reviewed 21 November 2024; checked 5 October 2026. Link
  3. Raji A, Seely EW, Arky RA, Simonson DC. Body fat distribution and insulin resistance in healthy Asian Indians and Caucasians. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:5366–71. DOI · PMID 11701707
  4. Yajnik CS, Yudkin JS. The Y-Y paradox. Lancet. 2004;363:163. DOI · PMID 14726172
  5. Madhu SV, Raizada N. The Indian obesity paradox: low in muscle, high in fat. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2026;30(2):115–8. DOI · Full text
  6. Yajnik CS, Lubree HG, Rege SS, et al. Adiposity and hyperinsulinemia in Indians are present at birth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:5575–80. DOI · PMID 12466355
  7. Yajnik CS. Early life origins of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in India and other Asian countries. J Nutr. 2004;134:205–10. DOI · PMID 14704320
  8. Madhu SV, et al. Endocrine Society of India (ESI) clinical practice recommendations for obesity: 2025 update. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2025;29(4):355–65. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. DOI · Full text
  9. Misra A, Khurana L. Obesity-related non-communicable diseases: South Asians vs White Caucasians. Int J Obes. 2011;35:167–87. DOI · PMID 20644557
  10. Misra A, et al. Consensus statement for diagnosis of obesity, abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome for Asian Indians and recommendations for physical activity, medical and surgical management. J Assoc Physicians India. 2009;57:163–70. PMID 19582986
  11. Anjana RM, et al. Metabolic non-communicable disease health report of India: the ICMR-INDIAB national cross-sectional study (ICMR-INDIAB-17). Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2023;11:474–89. DOI · PMID 37301218
  12. Singh B, Saxena A. Surrogate markers of insulin resistance: a review. World J Diabetes. 2010;1:36–47. DOI · PMID 21537426
  13. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28:412–9. DOI · PMID 3899825
  14. Wallace TM, Levy JC, Matthews DR. Use and abuse of HOMA modeling. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1487–95. DOI · PMID 15161807
  15. Sreekumar S, Eagappan S, Raghavan KS, Sridhar S. Single point insulin sensitivity estimator as a marker of metabolic syndrome in a South Indian cohort. Indian J Med Res. 2026;163(5):593–7. HOMA-IR formula as stated in the paper. DOI · PMID 42237830
  16. Dr Lal PathLabs. Sample report for test code Z827, "HOMA IR; Insulin Resistance Index" (dummy patient), with reference intervals and notes; and the test page's preparation note. Lab documents, checked 5 October 2026 (not linked).
  17. Lab test listings, Delhi, checked 5 October 2026 (not linked): Dr Lal PathLabs (HOMA-IR ₹910; fasting insulin ₹790); Metropolis Healthcare (HOMA Index ₹1,300; page states ">1.8 indicates resistance"); Agilus Diagnostics, New Delhi (HOMA-2 ₹1,300; page states "Homa 2 index = 1.8 is considered as insulin resistance"); Orange Health (HOMA-IR listed ₹1,968, shown as a sale price of ₹1,360, "31% off"); Tata 1mg Labs, New Delhi (HOMA IR, MRP ₹909); Redcliffe Labs, Delhi (HOMA-IR, listed ₹2,389, offer ₹799). Listed price shown on each page, without home-collection fees.
  18. Singh Y, Garg MK, Tandon N, Marwaha RK. A study of insulin resistance by HOMA-IR and its cut-off value to identify metabolic syndrome in urban Indian adolescents. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2013;5:245–51. DOI · PMID 24379034
  19. Endukuru CK, Gaur GS, Yerrabelli D, Sahoo J, Vairappan B. Cut-off values and clinical utility of surrogate markers for insulin resistance and beta-cell function to identify metabolic syndrome and its components among Southern Indian adults. J Obes Metab Syndr. 2020;29:281–91. DOI · Full text
  20. Snehalatha C, Mary S, Selvam S, et al. Changes in insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in relation to the glycemic outcomes in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance in the Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme-1 (IDPP-1). Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1796–801. DOI · Full text
  21. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Mary S, et al. The Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme shows that lifestyle modification and metformin prevent type 2 diabetes in Asian Indian subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IDPP-1). Diabetologia. 2006;49:289–97. DOI · PMID 16391903
  22. Knowler WC, et al. (Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group). Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:393–403. DOI · PMID 11832527
  23. Hamman RF, Wing RR, Edelstein SL, et al. Effect of weight loss with lifestyle intervention on risk of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:2102–7. DOI · PMID 16936160
  24. Kitabchi AE, et al. (Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group). Role of insulin secretion and sensitivity in the evolution of type 2 diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabetes. 2005;54:2404–14. DOI · PMID 16046308
  25. Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Yardley JE, et al. Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:2065–79. DOI · Full text
  26. Novo Nordisk. Wegovy (semaglutide) injection and tablets, US prescribing information, revised June 2026. Boxed warning, sections 1, 5.5, 6.1, 8.3, 12.2 (US label, not the Indian one). PDF
  27. Perreault L, et al. Changes in glucose metabolism and glycemic status with once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 2.4 mg among participants with prediabetes in the STEP program. Diabetes Care. 2022;45:2396–405. Post hoc analysis; several authors are Novo Nordisk employees. DOI · Full text
  28. Kosiborod MN, et al. Semaglutide improves cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with overweight or obesity: STEP 1 and 4 exploratory analyses. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023;25:468–78. Exploratory analyses; STEP trials funded by Novo Nordisk. DOI · Full text
  29. Eli Lilly. Zepbound (tirzepatide) injection, US prescribing information, revised August 2026. Boxed warning, sections 1, 6.1, 7, 12.2 (US label; Zepbound is not sold in India). PDF
  30. Mari A, et al. Tirzepatide treatment and associated changes in β-cell function and insulin sensitivity in people with obesity or overweight with prediabetes or normoglycemia: a post hoc analysis from the SURMOUNT-1 trial. Diabetes Care. 2025;48:1622–7. Sponsored by Eli Lilly. DOI · Full text
  31. Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide for obesity treatment and diabetes prevention (SURMOUNT-1, 3 years). N Engl J Med. 2025;392:958–71. Funded by Eli Lilly. DOI · PMID 39536238
  32. Heise T, et al. Effects of subcutaneous tirzepatide versus placebo or semaglutide on pancreatic islet function and insulin sensitivity in adults with type 2 diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10:418–29. Funded by Eli Lilly. DOI · PMID 35468322
  33. European Medicines Agency. Wegovy (semaglutide) product information, package leaflet section 4 (EU label). PDF
  34. European Medicines Agency. Mounjaro (tirzepatide) product information, package leaflet section 4 (EU label). PDF
  35. Business Standard. Novo Nordisk's Wegovy gets CDSCO nod for fatty liver disease indication. 17 July 2026. Link
  36. Cipla. Cipla launches Yurpeak (tirzepatide). Press release, Mumbai, 10 December 2025. PDF
  37. Press Information Bureau (PIB Research). GLP-1 Drugs: Use, Risks, and Regulation. Government backgrounder, 1 April 2026. PDF
  38. CDSCO. Recommendations of the Subject Expert Committee (Endocrinology & Metabolism): 20–21 April 2023, item 1 (tirzepatide), and 13–14 February 2024, items 3–4 (semaglutide). Committee minutes. April 2023 PDF (archived copy) · February 2024 PDF (archived copy)
  39. Hindi term "इंसुलिन प्रतिरोध": title of Apollo Hospitals' Hindi page on insulin resistance ("इंसुलिन प्रतिरोध - कारण, लक्षण, निदान और उपचार") and Dr Lal PathLabs' Hindi blog post ("इंसुलिन प्रतिरोध (insulin resistance meaning in hindi)"). Pages opened 5 October 2026 (not linked).

Last checked 5 Oct 2026 · Next review due 5 Apr 2027 (lab prices) · Report an error

How this post was made. Written by the GLP Guidebook team from the sources above. It's general information, not medical advice. Talk to a qualified doctor before starting, stopping or changing any medicine, or before acting on a test result. How we write